Please answer the following questions. Please note that the multiple-choice questions may require you to circle more than one answer. Answers to the short answer questions should fit into the space provided, and should provide the specific information requested.
1. Which of the following are used in recognizing antigen/pathogen?
a. TLRs
b. granzymes
c. Fab
d. C5a
e. Complementarity defining regions (CDRs)
2. Cell in the innate immune system:
a. have genes encoding receptors that bind to PAMPs
b. use recombination to generate receptors that bind to antigens
c. don’t ever bind any antigens, even if presented
d. have to have pathogens presented to them by antigen presenting cells
e. secrete antibodies
3. T cells:
a. have genes encoding receptors that bind to PAMPs
b. use recombination to generate receptors that bind to antigens
c. don’t ever bind any antigens, even if presented
d. have to have pathogens presented to them by antigen presenting cells
e. secrete antibodies
4. If you are stabbed with a pointy stick covered with extracellular bacteria, which of the following will help remove the infection:
a. complement
b. NK cells
c. TH1 cells
d. antibodies
e. CTLs
5. If you are infected with a bacteria that secrets a toxin, which of the following will help prevent you from getting sick from the toxin?
a. activated macrophages
b. TREG cells
c. antibodies
d. mast cells
e. NK cells
6. If you are infected with an intracellular bacteria, such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis, which of the following will help get rid of the infection:
a. TH2 cells
b. TH1 cells
c. plasma cells
d. activated macrophages
e. TREG cells.
7. Which of the following statements are true regarding central tolerance:
a. it helps prevent death by viral infections
b. it is established in the primary lymph tissue
c. it involves the killing of a lot of immature T and B cells
d. it requires neutrophils
e. it helps prevent auto-immune diseases
8. If you have a mutant mouse that can’t make Ig-a, this mouse will:
a. have no T cells
b. have no B cells
c. be more susceptible to viral infections
d. not be able to make IgA
e. be more susceptible to extracellular bacterial infections
9. If you have a mutant mouse that can’t make MHC I, this mouse will:
a. have no naïve or effector TH cells
b. have no TC cells
c. have no B cells
d. be more susceptible to extracellular bacterial infections
e. be more susceptible to viral infections
10. Antibodies are useful for:
a. memory functions-preventing re-infection from pathogens you’ve been exposed to previously
b. removing intracellular bacteria
c. removing extracellular bacteria
d. activating macrophages
e. preventing autoimmunity
11. If you have a mutant mouse that can’t make B7, this mouse will:
a. have no T cells
b. have anergic T cells
c. be more susceptible to extracellular bacterial infections
d. be more susceptible to viral infections
e. be more susceptible to intracellular bacterial infections
12. If you have a mouse that can’t make complement C3, this mouse will:
a. have a normal immune system
b. be more susceptible to extracellular bacterial infections
c. be more susceptible to intracellular bacterial infections
d. be allergic to peanuts
e. have no antibodies
13. Which of the following are true regarding CTLs:
a. They develop from TH cells
b. Their development depends on TH cells
c. They help get rid of viral infections
d. They kill cells using perforin and granzymes
e. They make antibodies
14. Allergic reactions involve:
a. IgE
b. red blood cells
c. mast cells
d. histamine
e. TH2 cells
15. Neutralizing antibodies:
a. can bind bacterial toxins, preventing them from entering cells
b. prevent viral infection by preventing viruses from binding to cellular receptors
c. can be secreted into the lumen of the gut
d. cause blood plasma to have a pH of 7
e. prevent autoimmune disease
16. Which of the following are involved in opsonization:
a. phagocytes
b. antibodies
c. Red blood cells
d. Fc receptors
e. complement
17. Auto-immune diseases can result from:
a. lack of antibodies
b. lack of AIRE
c. lack of Ig-alpha
d. lack of TH cells
e. lack of TREG cells
18. Macrophages can do which of the following:
a. make antibodies
b. make B7
c. present antigens on MHC II
d. phagocytosis
e. kill cells using reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
19. Which immune molecules require genetic recombination for their production:
a. TLRs
b. complement C1R
c. immunoglobulins
d. Ig-alpha
e. MHC II
20. Inflammatory cytokines:
a. help recruit immune cells to the site of an infection
b. cause systemic effects such as fever
c. include IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a
d. are required for effective removal of extracellular bacteria
e. can cause tissue damage if not properly controled
21. Which would be more detrimental to your ability to fight extracellular bacteria, a defect in Beta-2 microglobulin, or a defect in Ig-beta? Choose one, and explain why based on what each of these molecules does, and whether or not that function is involved in the response to extracellular bacteria.
22. Which would be more detrimental to your ability to fight any type of infection, a defect in MHC II, or a defect in MHC I? Choose one, and explain your answer based on what each of these molecules does, and how this is involved in your immune system function, paying particular attention to things that would not be around if one of them were missing.
23. What is the advantage (in terms of having an effective immune system) of having gene segments that need to be recombined, instead of pre-formed genes for the Heavy and Light chains of immunoglobulins, and the a and b chains of the TCR? What is the cost of having such a system?
24. If you wanted to essentially wipe out most of your lab mouse’s immune system functions, what would you do? Explain your answer based on the function of what you chose to alter/remove.
25. Based on the material learned in this course, will you be more cautious around pointy sticks? Answer yes or no, and give a 2-3 sentence explanation of why (0r why not).
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