I need help with a Biology question. All explanations and answers will be used to help me learn.
Question 1:
Sapolsky describes three “Layers” of the brain that neuroscientist, Paul MacLean termed the “Triune Brain”. Briefly explain the functions associated with each layer. In your answer, label each layer as: Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. Also, describe which layer is considered most ancient, more recent, and most modern with respect to each other.
Question 2:
The amygdala, which is part of the limbic system, is commonly associated with which emotions? From the options below, select 3 emotions or feelings that were mentioned in the reading.
A: Happiness
B: Sadness
C: Fear
D: Joy
E: Aggression
F: Grief
G: Anxiety
H: Disgust
I: Calmness
Question 3:
If the amygdala was removed from a mouse, would the mouse be more likely or less likely to boldly walk into the middle of a brightly-lit, empty room? Explain your reasoning.
Question 4: (consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply)
Sapolsky mentioned which of the following observations occuring in the amygdala with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
A: Over-actication due to mildly fearful stimuli.
B: Electrical stimulation lead to aggressive behavior.
C: A delay in calming down once activated.
D: Enlarging over time.
E: Electrical stimulation lead to fearful behavior.
F: When active (as seen with fMRI) fear is experienced.
Question 5:
Sapolsky describes connections that arise from one brain area that project to (are sent to) the amygdala as the amygdala’s neuronal inputs. Three of the amygdala’s neuronal inputs that were described were: the sensory cortex, periaqueductal gray, and the insular cortex.
Based on the reading, choose the 3 best options from the choices given. Select 3 neuronal outputs from the amygdala, that is, connections that arise from the amygdala and project elsewhere in the brain.
Although many inputs and outputs of the amygdala are bidirectional (go both ways), I only want you to focus on a one-way connection for now.
A: Pineal gland.
B: Pituitary.
C: Hippocampus.
D: Basal ganglia.
E: Subcortical motor pathways.
F: Thalamus.
G: Bad nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST).
H: Olfactory bulbs.
Question 6:
What part of the brain makes you do what Sapolsky describes as the “harder thing” when it is the right thing to do?
Please select the BEST answer from the choices provided below.
A: Hippocampus.
B: Frontal cortex.
C: Amygdala.
D: Brain stem.
Question 7:
How did Phineas Gage change after he was injured with a railroad spike, leaving the majority of his left frontal cortex destroyed?
Please select the BEST answer from the choices below.
A: He changed from a calm man to a very fearful one.
B: He changed from mild-mannered and polite to disinhibited, irreverent and rude.
C: He lost the ability to feel aggressive.
D: He didn’t change in any meaningful way and fully recovered due to the compensation of other brain areas.
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