I’m working on a biology exercise and need a sample draft to help me learn.
1. Compensatory mutations are an example of pleiotropy? [true or false]
2. The breeder’s equation assumes no epistasis between mutations? [true or false]
3. HIV is evolving to be less deadly? [true or false]
4.Bottlenecks during transmissions enhance pathogens’ ability to adapt? [true or false]
5.Influenza’s HA protein provides an example of a gene in which both purifying and positive selective pressure is acting? [true or false]
6.Data from a single gene can yield opposite results from the/dS ratio and MK-Tests. For example, purifying selection via the dN/dS ratio and positive selection using the MK-test? [true or false]
7. A balanced phylogeny is indicative of neutral evolution? [true or false]
8.Synthetic biologists are working on creating genetic elements that will restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics?[true or false]
9. Antibioticphagesynergies can be engineered into phages, but natural isolates are not known to synergize with antibiotics? [true or false]
10.The probability of new bacterial mutation reaching fixation is 1/2n? [true or false]
11. Luria and Delbruck found an increased number of Petri dishes with 0 resistant colonies than would be expected if mutations were directed? [true or false]
12.SARS-CoV-2 has a higher mutation rate than most viruses, this is why it easily spread to humans? [true or false]
13.A low selectivity index value means that the drug is selectivity suppressing the virus and not human tissue culture cells? [true or false]
14.Natural selection produces non-random patterns, while neutral genetic drift tends to cause randomness? [true or false]
15 at what rate will a genome simultaneously gain resistance mutations for 2 drugs if lambda values for the two drugs are 10^-2 and 10^-3 per genome replication?
16. calculate the relative fitness of genotype A compared to B if A’s doubling time is 1 hour and B’s doubling time is 70 minutes?
17.New Strains of SARS-CoV-2 are evolving and their evolution can affect our fight against the pandemic> Which of the following evolutionary changes would require more people in the population to become vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity?
A.decreasing transmissibility B.Increasinginfection duration. C.Increasting mortality. D all three options E. none of these options.
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