The
purpose of this discussion postings is for students to read the
assigned textbook chapters (APA Ch. #7, APA Ch. #8), synthesize the
information, and then critically think and share the information with
other students using their own words.
Initial Posting (Saturday): The assignment requires students to read the week’s assigned reading requirements (APA Ch. #7, APA Ch. #8), then post a summary of four (4) interesting facts that they learned from the reading of “each” assigned chapter using their own words by the Saturday due date. Direct quotes are not acceptable.
The initial postings must be substantively provided with a minimum of four paragraphs for each textbook chapter – one paragraph for each interesting fact from each assigned reading – if two (2) chapters, then a total of eight (8) paragraphs/facts (four (4) for each chapter). Each paragraph must contain a minimum of three (3) robust sentences. CAUTION: It is not appropriate to make postings like “I found the information on XXXX to be interesting” as this is not a substantive posting. The postings must be provided informing the reader that you understand the interesting facts you are posting – as if you are teaching the reader about the interesting fact. Remember that these postings must be in your own words.
Response Postings to a Minimum of Four (4) Other Students (Sunday): Then by the Sunday due date, read and provide a substantive response posting to a minimum of four (4) other students.
reply 1
Hi All,
In ethnographic research, superior a taxonomy over ethnographic questions so included a mini-tour on the culture-sharing group, theirs experiences, uses about native language, contrasts along with other cultural groups, then questions to verify the truth concerning the data. In integral ethnography, the research questions might also construct a physique of present literature. These questions end up cause guidelines as a substitute than truths in imitation of stay proven. Alternatively, of phenomenology, the questions might keep generally pronounced except unique allusion after the present literature, and a typology concerning questions talks in relation to asking such as the participants experienced than the contexts or situations into who those skilled it. grounded theory, the questions may additionally stay directed toward generating a theory concerning some process, certain namely the exploration of a technique namely in imitation of whether caregivers and sufferers interact between a health center setting. In a qualitative law study.
Begin the research questions along with the words where and how in accordance with bringing and begin yet rising design. The phrase in which way often implies as the researcher is trying in accordance with explaining in what something occurs, yet that suggests in imitation of me a cause-and-effect kind of thinking, so I associate including quantitative research as a substitute regarding the extra originate yet rising stance of characteristic research. Focus on an alone occurrence and concept. As learning develops atop time, elements of pleasure appear that might also have an impact on this single phenomenon, however, commence a discipline including an alone focus in accordance with the discovery of detail.
In quantitative studies, investigators use quantitative research questions or hypotheses, then now and again objectives, after structure then specifically center of attention the reason regarding the study. Quantitative research questions take respecting the relationships amongst variables so much the investigator seeks in accordance with know. They are old often between neighborly lore research and especially among land survey studies. Quantitative hypotheses, concerning the sordid hand, are predictions the researcher makes regarding the expected relationships among variables. They are numeric estimates regarding population values based totally on facts accumulated out of samples. Testing of hypotheses employs statistical procedures among whom the investigator attracts inferences in relation to the populace besides an instruction sample. Hypotheses are back repeatedly into experiments in which investigators examine groups. Advisers frequently propose their usage of a Figure lookup project, certain namely a book then thesis, so a skill about stating the path a disciplined desire takes. Objectives, on the other hand, indicate the desires and goals for a study. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017, November 27).
The just crucial shape of quantitative research follows out of a check over a theory or the specification concerning lookup questions and hypotheses that are included among the theory. The independent or based variables ought to remain adequate separately. This process reinforces the cause-and-effect logic over quantitative research. To put off redundancy, compose solely research questions or hypotheses, not both, except the hypotheses, build about the research questions. Choose the shape primarily based on tradition, recommendations beside an adviser yet college committee, and whether previous research indicates a calculation as regards outcomes. If hypotheses are used, in that place are couple forms: waste and alternative. Null speculation represents the traditional approach: such makes a calculation as, among the standard population, no alliance or no widespread difference exists of agencies on a variable.
Thanks
Jaswanth
Reply 2:
Hi Everyone,
Chapter 7: Tables and Figures
The assigned readings of this week provided guidelines for tables and figures in the APA manual. Apart from that, the four important concepts of this chapter would include table set up, figures setup, sample figures, and accessible use of colors in figures (Brar, 2020). However, table setup usually involves numerical values of the variables shown in a table and is usually the task of the reader. Table setup involves drawing the data, arranging the figures on the figure. And also provides some sort of graphical representation of the data in different colors (Brar, 2020).
A figure could be a chart, graphic, or other illustration of structure that containing data or figures. A diagram can also be a graphic or graphical representation that is not a chart or figure (Brar, 2020). When an image is shown, it may represent a picture, a group of figures, or an entire image. The figure is used to show a group of data or figures. Figures are diagrams that contain lines and directions. Figures may be used for statistical or graphical information and usually show lines or a general outline of the data or figures (Brar, 2020).
In a sample figure, the bar graph and the sample line graph are also used. Bar graphs are charts that include colored lines between parts of the figures. Bar graphs are used for graphical representations. The sample line graph is the simplest of the figures to use. The sample line graph helps you learn about what’s in the data or figures (Brar, 2020). The APA Style Guidelines for tables and figures are the APA Manual’s standards for visual display. They are not a table or figure outline (which is done by reference) (Brar, 2020).
When selecting colors for a figure, the figure must show different colors for different objects in a diagram (Brar, 2020). The color of the drawing must match that of the object. Some figure symbols (such as a line, the letter ‘R’, and a line segment) are used to indicate the order of data or figures that may be present within a figure. The figure must also have a clear line in which the figures and objects of the figure are arranged. Figure color must be clear to show the data and objects of the diagram (Brar, 2020).
Chapter 8: Works Credited In The Text
From this chapter 8, the most important concepts are intext citations, paraphrases and direct quotations, block quotations (Mohatt, 2020). However, intext citations In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a page number (i.e., 2.0), an article title followed by an article reference, and the full name of the author followed by the chapter number. In-text citations can be used when the citation is in the text rather than the footnotes in the chapter reference. These can be used if the author’s page numbers are in the footnotes. Therefore, in-text citations can be written with an emphasis on the citation but the author’s name, name of the article, or the article reference itself can be used (Mohatt, 2020).
Paraphrases and direct quotations must be used with citations that are short and concise paraphrases and are not used to connect to content we support. These are also known as in-text citation. direct quotations are short and easy to interpret block quotations that are not used to connect to the printed text or page references. Block quotations are used to refer to the text or pages but are not written out or quoted out (Mohatt, 2020).
Block quotations are used to indicate where the source of the data has collected. Also, when using cite information, we must be careful with all of the citations used, to avoid unnecessary clutter and error and keep all text intact. A quote is a text or other written work used to describe a set of facts that is intended for public understanding. Sometimes, they are placed within a section of text used to describe the facts, often by reference to previous text or other work.Examples of in-text citations include in-text articles, text citations, reference texts, and references outside the scope of this article (Mohatt, 2020).
Paraphrasing is most important when crediting the work of others or including them in the text. The work of others is that they are referenced in the text. For example, if a citation is in the text, you can say they are cited in that text (Mohatt, 2020). Brief, direct quotations are also important when quoting passages in the text. It is sometimes useful to include the first name and/or last name of the speaker when you are quoting passage of text. Stems are also important when paraphrasing (Mohatt, 2020).
References
Brar, R. (2020). University Library: APA Referencing 7th Edition: Figures, Images & Tables.
Mohatt, M. (2020). Libguides: APA Style: APA style is the format used by publications of the American Psychological Association. Most papers written for classes in the social sciences use APA style; some instructors in other disciplines also prefer APA format.
Thanks
Reply 3:
In a qualitative study, inquirers state research questions, not targets or theories. These research questions accept two structures:Central Question and Associated subquestions. The central question is a wide inquiry that pose for an investigation of the central phenomenon or idea in a study. The inquirer offers this conversation starter, steady with the developing technique of qualitative research, as a general issue in order as far as possible the perspectives on members. To show up at this question, ask, what is the broadest question that I can pose in the study. Beginning researchers prepared in quantitative research may battle with this methodology since they are familiar with turn around intuition. They slender the quantitative study to explicit, narrow inquiries or hypotheses dependent on a couple of factors. In quantitative study, the purpose is to investigate the general, complex arrangement of components encompassing the central phenomenon and present the broad, differed points of view or implications that members hold. A few subquestions follow each broad central question; they narrow the focal point of the study however leave open the questioning. This methodology is well inside the cutoff points, who suggested that researchers compose close to twelve qualitative research questions taking all things together. The subquestions, thusly, become explicit questions utilized during interviews. Relate the central question to the particular qualitative strategy. Start the research questions with the words what or how to pass on an open and developing plan. Concentrate on a single phenomenon or idea. Expect the research questions to advance and change during the examination in a way reliable with the presumptions of an emerging structure.
In quantitative studies, specialists utilize quantitative research questions and hypotheses, and now and then targets, to shape and explicitly center the motivation behind the study. Quantitative research questions ask about the connections among factors that the investigator tries to know. They are much of the time utilized in sociology research and particularly in survey studies. Quantitative hypotheses, then again, are expectations the researcher makes about the normal results of connections among variables. They are numeric appraisals of population esteems dependent on information gathered from samples. Testing of hypotheses utilizes factual methodology in which the investigator draws inductions about the population from a study sample. Hypotheses are utilized regularly in analyses or intervention preliminaries in which investigators look at gatherings.Guides now and then suggest their utilization in a conventional exploration project, for example, a dissertation or thesis, as a method for expressing the bearing a study will take. Destinations, then again, Indicate the objectives or goals for a study. They regularly show up in recommendations for funding, however, will in general be utilized with less recurrence in social and health science research. Along these lines, the spotlight here will be on research questions and hypotheses.
The utilization of variables in research questions or hypotheses is ordinarily restricted to three essential methodologies. The researcher may compare groups on an independent variable with see its effect on a dependent variable. Then again, the investigator may relate at least one or more independent variables. Third, the researcher may describe reactions to the independent, intervening, or dependent variables. Most quantitative research falls into at least one of these three categories.
In conversations about strategies, researchers regularly don’t see explicit questions or hypotheses particularly tailored to mixed methods research. In any case, conversation presently exists about the utilization of another sort of research question a mixed methods question in studies and critique regarding how to plan them. A solid mixed method study ought to contain at least three research questions: the qualitative question, the quantitative question or hypotheses, and a mixed method question. This mixed methods question speaks to what the researcher has to think about the integration or mix of the quantitative and qualitative research. This setup is fundamental in light of the fact that mixed methods doesn’t depend solely on either qualitative or quantitative research but not on both forms of studies.
Both qualitative and quantitative research questions should be progressed in a mixed methods concentrate so as to limit and focus the purpose statement. Before the two databases can be incorporated or joined, they should be broke down independently because of hypotheses. These questions or hypotheses can be progressed toward the start or develop during a later period of the research. For instance, if the study starts with a quantitative stage, the investigator may present hypotheses. Later in the examination, when the qualitative stage is tended to, the qualitative research questions appear.
The mixed methods question can be written in various manners. This can expect one of three structures. The first is to compose it in a manner that passes on the techniques or methodology in a study. The second structure is to write it in a manner that passes on the substance of the study. The third methodology is to consolidate the methods and content as a hybrid question.
Reply 4:
Week 11 Readings and Postings
The week’s readings explained on how some authors may intend to include tables and figures in the writing to make their information more comprehensive. It was worth noting that, the numeric and textual information is listed on a table which should be arranged orderly to display columns and rows. According to The Official Guide to APA Style (2020), figures may be charts, graphs, photograph, drawing or even other illustrations. Their boundaries tend to be unclear sometimes.
When tables and figures are included in a paper, they facilitate readers’ understanding of the work as most of them summarizes the information. Tables are also used to present results of exploratory data analysis or data mining techniques and estimate some statistic. Additionally, they shay full trial-level data. With their good use, the authors should ensure they are not used for mere decoration in a paper and every figure or table should serve a purpose.
The above explanation shows that, it is better to determine the purpose of any display and its relative importance. Again, the author should select a format that support the given purpose. Their design should also focus the readers in mind with clear communication of their findings as they create attractive visual displays. Besides, they should be prepared with the same care as the text of the paper such that changes in text often demand changes in tables and figures. Any mismatch between them and that in text results in the need for a correction notice for published articles (The Official Guide to APA Style, 2020).
Various designing procedures should be followed. These include:
- Labelling the rows and columns.
- Making a label in all elements
- Elements compared to be placed next to each other.
- Sans serif fonts larger enough to be used in figure images.
- Include enough information to be understood on their own.
- Avoiding decorative flourishes that distract and interfere with reader’s comprehension.
In chapter 8, the author explained on various ways to avoid plagiarism and high level of citation. In APA style, citation is essential and should be done providing key background information, support and dispute thesis. The author should ensure, the cited work is only those read and the ideas incorporated in the writing. It is worth noting that, both paraphrases and direct quotes require proper citation. Additionally, overcitation and undercitation should be totally avoided as exhausting reference list are not necessary.
The act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as yours was explained as plagiarism which denies the authors of any content the credit due. The authors should avoid plagiarism at all cost as it violates ethical standard in scholarship. It can be avoided by providing appropriate credit to the source through paraphrasing, quoting the words of others directly, referring data and datasets and others (The Official Guide to APA Style, 2020).
References
The Official Guide to APA Style, (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (7th Ed.)
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