Plagiarism Certification Tests for Master’s and Doctoral Students

Original Source Material

Student Version

Major changes within organizations are usually initiated by those who are in power. Such decision-makers sponsor the change and then appoint someone else – perhaps the director of training – to be responsible for implementing and managing change. Whether the appointed change agent is in training development or not, there is often the implicit assumption that training will “solve the problem.” And, indeed, training may solve part of the problem…. The result is that potentially effective innovations suffer misuse, or even no use, in the hands of uncommitted users.

References:
Dormant, D. (1986). The ABCD’s of managing change. In M. Smith (Ed.), Introduction to performance technology (pp. 238-256). Washington, D.C.: The National Society for Performance and Instruction.

When major changes are initiated in organizations, “… there is often the implicit assumption that training will ‘solve the problem.’ And, indeed, training may solve part of the problem” (Dormant, 1986, p. 238).

References:
Dormant, D. (1986). The ABCD’s of managing change. In M. Smith (Ed.), Introduction to performance technology (pp. 238-256). Washington, D.C.: The National Society for Performance and Instruction.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The word “comfortable” is more profound than people usually realize. The mystery of genuine comfort goes beyond the simple idea that the word first seems to mean. Places which are comfortable are comfortable because they have no inner contradictions, because there is no little restlessness disturbing them.

References:
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA.

One way to describe a place is “comfortable”. What does this mean? Alexander (1979) states that “Places which are comfortable are comfortable because they have no inner contradictions, because there is no little restlessness disturbing them” (p.32). This statement seems to suggest that comfort is an attribute of the place itself rather than something that depends on the relationship between the place and the person experiencing it.

References:
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA.

Original Source Material

Student Version

Of course, you could say that free will is an illusion anyway. If there really is a complete theory of physics that governs everything, it presumably also determines your actions. But it does so in a way that is impossible to calculate for an organism that is as complicated as a human being, and it involves a certain randomness due to quantum mechanical effects.

References:
Hawking, S., & Mlodinow, L. (2008). A briefer history of time (Reprint.). New York, NY: Bantam.

Like Einstein before him, Hawkings has established himself as a physics superstar. Of particular interest is his work towards a theory of everything. If physics govern everything, a comprehensive theory of physics could also make predictions about how people will act in the future. A precise calculation is, however, impossible in the case of an organism that is as complicated as a human being, and it involves a certain randomness due to quantum mechanical effects.

Original Source Material

Student Version

Pei is popularly known for the controversy surrounding his Grand Louvre Pyramid (1988), constructed in the courtyard of the Louvre (fig. 25.21). The Pyramid deliberately turns the tradition and concept of pyramid inside out. A pyramid is supposed to be solid, dark, and solitary–a mesmerizing symbol of the exotic world beyond the streets and cultures of Europe.

References:
Arnason, H. H. (2003). History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

One of the great wonders of the world are the pyramids of Egypt. These pyramids have become a mesmerizing symbol of the exotic world beyond the streets and cultures of Europe and the embodiment of associations with the pyramid shape which is supposed to be “solid, dark, and solitary” (Arnason, 2003, p. 667)

References:
Arnason, H. H. (2003). History of modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The selected memories, nevertheless, both from her childhood and from Sally’s do coalesce, or at least indicate a very clear thematic focus: primarily death, and, to a smaller extent, writing, creation, the power of words-two aspects where this book originates in: the trauma of death as a source of writing–and, as a result, as a means of creating one’s self, the autobiographical subject, or the subject of this autobiography.

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

The carefully chosen memories of youth and the memories from Sally’s childhood do merge and also point to death and writing as truly important themes in the book. According to Séllei (2009), the impact of death on an individual may serve “as a source of writing–and, as a result, as a means of creating one’s self, the autobiographical subject, or the subject of this autobiography” (p. 175).

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

Original Source Material

Student Version

Modifications that increase task difficulty are also presented to assist instructors in structuring developmental progressions for activities that reflect various net/wall games. For example, game modifications that require participants to strike a ball with a hand after a bounce are introduced before requiring participants to strike a ball with a racquet or with a hand without a bounce.

References:
Mandigo, J. L., & Anderson, A. T. (2003). Using the pedagogical principles in net/wall games to enhance teaching effectiveness. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 14(1), 8-11.

A common strategy in education in general is progressively increasing the complexity of tasks. In the context of physical education, Mandigo and Anderson (2003) describe approaches to modifying net/wall games to help instructors in putting together developmental progressions where the task difficulty increases at each step.

References:
Mandigo, J. L., & Anderson, A. T. (2003). Using the pedagogical principles in net/wall games to enhance teaching effectiveness. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 14(1), 8-11.

Original Source Material

Student Version

Obviously, it is vitally important in the war of attrition that individuals should give no inkling of when they are going to give up. Anybody who betrayed, by the merest flicker of a whisker, that he was beginning to think of throwing in the sponge, would be at an instant disadvantage.

References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

In nature it is common for a fight between two animals to be preceded by a standoff where they closely observe one another. Clearly, in this situation “individuals should give no inkling of when they are going to give up” (Dawkins, 1989, p. 77) in order to avoid giving the other an advantage.

References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The selected memories, nevertheless, both from her childhood and from Sally’s do coalesce, or at least indicate a very clear thematic focus: primarily death, and, to a smaller extent, writing, creation, the power of words-two aspects where this book originates in: the trauma of death as a source of writing–and, as a result, as a means of creating one’s self, the autobiographical subject, or the subject of this autobiography.

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

The distress caused by death can serve as a source for writing and writing can be seen as a way of creating one’s self. It this way, death may be seen as the source of the autobiographical subject, which contrasts with our notions of an autobiography: the story of an individual’s life.

Original Source Material

Student Version

It should be apparent that technology will play a crucial role in the success of the information-age paradigm of education. It will enable a quantum improvement in student learning, and likely at a lower cost per student per year than in the current industrial-age paradigm. Just as the electronic spreadsheet made the accountant’s job quicker, easier, and less expensive, the kind of LMS described here will make the teacher’s job quicker, easier, and less expensive.

References:
Reigeluth, C. M., Watson, W. R., Watson, S. L., Dutta, P., Chen, Z. C., & Powell, N. D. P. (2008). Roles for technology in the information-age paradigm of education: Learning management systems. Educational Technology, 48(6), 32-39.

Introducing technology into the workplace does not automatically improve job performance. While managers may dream of lower costs, the introduction of technology may increase costs (especially in the short term) if using/learning the technology makes the individual’s job harder.

Original Source Material

Student Version

We considered a number of methods for measuring similarity between countries with respect to their mathematics attainment. A simple comparison of scale scores over time was rejected as this would limit the investigation to asking how much respondents from a country know on a given topic. Instead, we chose an item-level analysis that allows for a closer examination of what respondents in a given country know and how this compares to other countries.

References:
Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2009). Trends in TIMSS responses over time: Evidence of global forces in education? Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(2), 137-152.

One criticism of using scale scores or total scores on a test is that it can hide interesting details. For example, Rutkowski and Rutkowski (2009, p. 140) rejected scale scores in favor of an item-level analysis since it would allow “for a closer examination of what respondents in a given country know and how this compares to other countries”.

References:
Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2009). Trends in TIMSS responses over time: Evidence of global forces in education? Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(2), 137-152.