Module 1 hmmmmmm

The district attorney never stops his campaign to rid the city of pornography. He gets extremely agitated when speaking against the evils of “adult” magazines and he quotes scripture endlessly to back up his tirades. What his constituents don’t know, however, is that he owns a large collection of pornographic videos that he often views when he’s alone. Freudians might suggest that his behavior is a sign of

Question 1 options:

	repression.
	reaction formation.
	identification.
	regression.

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Question 2 (1 point)

Heritability studies of personality show that

Question 2 options:

	only broad traits, such as extraversion or neuroticism, are influenced by genetic factors.
	only specific traits, such as self-control or sociability, are influenced by genetic factors.
	very few personality traits are influenced by genetic factors.
	almost all personality traits are influenced by genetic factors.

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Question 3 (1 point)

Psychologists with a learning theory orientation look to the environmental circumstances that control behavior and see personality as the sum of responses that are elicited by an individual’s reinforcement history.

Question 3 options:

	False
	True

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Question 4 (1 point)

Karen Horney was trained in the psychoanalytic school, but her view differed from that of orthodox Freudian theory in a several ways. For example, Horney believed that

Question 4 options:

	Freud focused too much on present character structure.
	more emphasis should be placed on infantile sexuality.
	“womb envy” leads men to devalue women.
	less emphasis should be placed on cultural factors.

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Question 5 (1 point)

Which statement best characterizes the consensus on the status of Freud’s theory of personality?

Question 5 options:

	It has been impossible to evaluate any of Freud’s ideas through empirical scrutiny.
	His theory is generally correct, with minor exceptions.
	Some of his ideas have been widely accepted and others have been abandoned.
	He is considered a fraud and his ideas are considered worthless.

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Question 6 (1 point)

Imagine that you are playing the role of the ego in Freud’s theory of personality. Your major function would be to

Question 6 options:

	satisfy the inner voice of “oughts” and “should nots” at any cost.
	work toward achieving the ego ideal.
	mediate between the id impulses and the superego demands.
	search for immediate sexual gratification without concern for consequences.

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Question 7 (1 point)

One criticism of Freud’s theory is that it uses a male model as the norm without trying to determine how females might be different.

Question 7 options:

	False
	True

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Question 8 (1 point)

A psychologist is a firm supporter of the five-factor model of personality. If she conducts research with personality inventories, she is most likely to be interested in the

Question 8 options:

	Rorschach.
	TAT.
	NEO-PI.
	MMPI-2.

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Question 9 (1 point)

Personality theorist Hans Eysenck suggested three personality dimensions-introversion, extraversion, and neuroticism.

Question 9 options:

	False
	True

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Question 10 (1 point)

Many psychologists today believe that Freud’s most important contribution to the science of psychology resulted from his emphasis on

Question 10 options:

	unconscious processes.
	the manifest content of behavior.
	inferiority.
	Freudian slips.

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Question 11 (1 point)

Two children have different biological parents, but both were adopted in infancy by the same family. The idea that heredity determines personality would be supported if the personalities of the children are

Question 11 options:

	more similar to each other than they are to their own biological siblings.
	less similar to their adoptive siblings than they are to their own biological siblings.
	more similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents than to their biological parents.
	similar to the personality of the biological daughter of their adoptive parents.

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Question 12 (1 point)

All of the following belong together EXCEPT for which one?

Question 12 options:

	the Thematic Apperception Test
	projective tests
	the Rorschach test
	objective tests

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Question 13 (1 point)

In Freud’s theory of personality, which is the correct matching of part and principle?

Question 13 options:

	id; reality
	superego; reality
	superego; pleasure
	id; pleasure

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Question 14 (1 point)

“Comorbidity” refers to

Question 14 options:

	a disorder that is characterized by a fascination with death.
	a form of multiple personality disorder that is sometimes confused with schizophrenia.
	a disorder that is characterized by excessive, deep-sleep patterns.
	the existence of more than one disorder in a person at the same time.

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Question 15 (1 point)

In his investigation designed to examine the effects of labeling people as “abnormal,” David Rosenhan and seven other sane people gained admission to psychiatric hospitals by pretending to have hallucinations. Once these “pseudopatients” were admitted, all of the following happened EXCEPT that

Question 15 options:

	they were immediately discharged and the psychiatrists acknowledged their mistakes.
	not one of the pseudopatients was identified by the professionals as sane.
	they behaved in a normal fashion in every way.
	they were diagnosed as either paranoid schizophrenic or manic depressive.

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Question 16 (1 point)

A man feels as though his life is like a rollercoaster. He goes through periods of severe depression that alternate with manic episodes. These symptoms are most similar to those found in

Question 16 options:

	undifferentiated schizophrenia.
	dissociative disorder.
	panic disorder.
	bipolar disorder.

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Question 17 (1 point)

Research demonstrates that people with major depressive disorder are drawn to negative information in the world.

Question 17 options:

	True
	False

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Question 18 (1 point)

Mental disorders are best thought of as

Question 18 options:

	conditions that have a biological reality in the brain.
	syndromes that are no longer considered valid by most of the scientific community.
	separate and distinct categories of mental illnesses.
	conditions that vary on a continuum from mental health to mental illness.

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Question 19 (1 point)

The two categories of phobias defined by the DSM-IV-TR are

Question 19 options:

	global and natural.
	social and specific.
	voluntary and involuntary.
	real and imagined.

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Question 20 (1 point)

Schizophrenic disorder is a severe form of psychopathology characterized by the breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, and disturbed thought processes.

Question 20 options:

	True
	False

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Question 21 (1 point)

According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, when women experience sadness, they attempt to distract themselves from depressed feelings, whereas when men experience sadness, they tend to think about the possible causes and implications of their feelings.

Question 21 options:

	False
	True

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Question 22 (1 point)

The “explanatory style” view of depression developed by Martin Seligman evolved from research that he conducted on

Question 22 options:

	dogs that were subjected to unavoidable shocks.
	people who had recently lost their spouses.
	pigeons that had to peck a light in order to receive food.
	rats that were required to run complex mazes.

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Question 23 (1 point)

Etiology refers to the factors that cause or contribute to the development of psychological and medical problems.

Question 23 options:

	False
	True

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Question 24 (1 point)

Based on the relationship between explanatory style and depression, which of the following statements would most likely be associated with depression?

Question 24 options:

	“The teacher gave me a bad grade because he doesn’t like blondes.”
	“Sure he did well, he spent the whole week studying.”
	“This is the hardest course I have ever taken in my life.”
	“I’ll always be a failure because I can’t do anything right.”

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Question 25 (1 point)

According to Martin Seligman, people who are depressed

Question 25 options:

	are more susceptible to stress in their lives.
	are in a state of learned helplessness.
	have low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
	believe they are in control of their own lives.

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Question 1 (1 point)

All of the following are true of anorexia nervosa EXCEPT that

Question 1 options:

	the individual weighs less than 85 percent of his or her expected weight.
	there is an intense fear of becoming fat.
	its occurrence is equally likely in men and women.
	it may, in very serious instances, lead to death.

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Question 2 (1 point)

Fritz Heider postulated that all behavioral outcomes can be attributed to dispositional forces such as lack of effort or insufficient intelligence.

Question 2 options:

	True
	False

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Question 3 (1 point)

Suppose you were a participant in one of David McClelland’s studies of the need for achievement. You would be given the Thematic Apperception Test and be expected to

Question 3 options:

	compile a list of your most important lifetime achievements.
	check off those goals that most apply to you.
	generate stories in response to a series of ambiguous drawings.
	rate yourself on a series of achievement-related questions.

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Question 4 (1 point)

Suppose you have a friend who is consistently optimistic in her approach to all of life’s problems. Your friend would be most likely to attribute her failures to ________ causes.

Question 4 options:

	external, unstable, and specific
	internal, unstable, and global
	external, stable, and specific
	internal, stable, and global

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Question 5 (1 point)

Why do homosexuals often experience social distress?

Question 5 options:

	They cannot speak openly about their lives.
	Society looks up to them.
	They feel very proud of themselves.
	They are accepted by their relatives and friends.

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Question 6 (1 point)

The work of anthropologists Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead

Question 6 options:

	concentrated on animal instincts only.
	gained greater acceptance for the view that certain instincts were universal to all humans.
	contradicted the proposition that certain instincts were universal to all humans.
	was discredited by psychologists because it was anthropological, not psychological research.

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Question 7 (1 point)

There have been relatively few studies of racial and ethnic differences in the presence of eating disorders, but so far the research suggests that eating disturbances are

Question 7 options:

	more frequent in Black and Asian Americans than Whites, but equally common among Hispanic females as Whites.
	less frequent in Black and Asian Americans and Hispanic females than Whites.
	less frequent in Black and Asian Americans than Whites, but equally common among Hispanic females as Whites.
	more frequent in Black, Asian Americans and Hispanic females than Whites.

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Question 8 (1 point)

When studying the brain in relation to eating, the pituitary gland is most often the focus of research.

Question 8 options:

	True
	False

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Question 9 (1 point)

Research on societal hostility toward homosexuality indicates that

Question 9 options:

	the more gay men and lesbians a person knows, the more favorable his or her attitude.
	societal hostility will decrease if homosexuals keep their sexual preferences concealed.
	hostility could be decreased markedly if homosexual individuals remain segregated from society.
	society would prefer lesbians to “come out” and gay men to remain hidden.

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Question 10 (1 point)

Which of the following is NOT a dimension along which it is suggested that attributions can vary?

Question 10 options:

	stability versus instability
	global versus specific
	well-defined versus ill-defined
	internal versus external

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Question 11 (1 point)

It is possible that you may not be consciously aware of some of the attitudes you hold.

Question 11 options:

	True
	False

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Question 12 (1 point)

When asked to rate the job that a senator has done, a politician responds, “I think the senator has introduced several important pieces of legislation.” In the context of attitudes, this statement best reflects

Question 12 options:

	behavioral information.
	informational influence.
	cognitive information.
	affective information.

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Question 13 (1 point)

To be part of the “in crowd,” you learn that you should get a certain type of tattoo, dress in the right clothes, agree with the group’s attitudes and opinions, and be able to use and understand the “language” of the group. These are examples of what social psychologists call

Question 13 options:

	self-serving biases.
	social norms.
	groupthink.
	reciprocity norms.

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Question 14 (1 point)

Distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus are three components of the fundamental attribution error.

Question 14 options:

	True
	False

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Question 15 (1 point)

Although she has never specifically been told not to do so, a student is hesitant to leave a class in the middle of a lecture. This is an example of what social psychologists would call a(n)

Question 15 options:

	explicit rule.
	implicit rule.
	behavioral constraint.
	social guideline.

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Question 16 (1 point)

Consider the hypothesis that people who live in some cultures may be more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error than people who live in other cultures. If this hypothesis is true, we should expect that people who live in

Question 16 options:

	technologically advanced societies will be more likely to commit this error.
	technologically advanced societies will be less likely to commit this error.
	cultures that embody interdependent construals of self will be less likely to commit this error.
	cultures that embody independent construals of self will be less likely to commit this error.

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Question 17 (1 point)

Based on the research of Irving Janis, if you want to prevent groupthink from occurring in groups in which you are working, you should

Question 17 options:

	rely on a strongly directed leader.
	make sure the group is highly cohesive.
	insulate the group from expert opinion.
	encourage dissent within the group.

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Question 18 (1 point)

In the context of adult attachment style, researchers have found that the most enduring romantic relationships as adults are between individuals with a(n) ________ attachment style.

Question 18 options:

	avoidant
	anxious-ambivalent
	secure
	companionate

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Question 19 (1 point)

A social psychologist is designing a study of altruism. The dependent variable in the study is most likely some measure of

Question 19 options:

	frustration-aggression.
	helping behavior.
	aggression.
	persuasion.

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Question 20 (1 point)

One juror does not agree that the defendant has been shown to be guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Based on the research of Solomon Asch, the juror would be less likely to conform eventually to the verdict of the majority if

Question 20 options:

	he or she is “doubt-ridden.”
	the evidence clearly supports the majority decision.
	one other juror decides the dissenter is right.
	the juror is a female.

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Question 21 (1 point)

In a classic experiment on cognitive dissonance that is described in the textbook, students were paid either $1 or $20 to tell another student that a boring task was fun and interesting. The results of the study showed that the students who were paid

Question 21 options:

	$1 refused to lie.
	$20 refused to lie.
	$20 decided that the task was really fun and interesting.
	$1 decided that the task was really fun and interesting.

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Question 22 (1 point)

You are held spellbound by the account in the newspaper of a man who risked his own life to save a little boy from a burning building, even though he was not related to the little boy. Social psychologists would say that the man demonstrated

Question 22 options:

	altruism.
	demand characteristics.
	in-group bias.
	reciprocal altruism.

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Question 23 (1 point)

Someone’s expectations about another person may actually influence the second person to behave in ways that confirm the original hypothesis.

Question 23 options:

	False
	True

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Question 24 (1 point)

A stranger asks you for a donation of $20 for a charitable enterprise. When you turn him down, he requests only $1. After you give him $1 you realize that this illustrates

Question 24 options:

	the foot-in-the-door technique.
	commitment.
	the door-in-the-face technique.
	scarcity.

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Question 25 (1 point)

Which of the following statements involves an attribution?

Question 25 options:

	“My parents would like me to study to be a doctor or a lawyer.”
	“I cannot come to the party.”
	“They cannot afford a washing machine because he spends so much on that fancy car of his.”
	“He chose to eat shrimp for dinner.”

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