whenever you see “homeostasis,” flow-down-gradients,” or “cell-to-cell signaling,”
think about our core concept and the bulleted items. Then, apply that concept to the specific
question. Finally, remember this is physiology so think about the function or “how” something occurs.
I provided some hints to help you answer the questions and apply the hints to other questions as well.
Each question should have 2-3 paragraphs no less than that.
I will provide the textbook to help you answer the question.
Also,do not use any resources all the answers should be your own words. No references as well.
Here is my textbook : https://1lib.us/dl/11001270/
1. Explain the Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Hint: Make sure to give a short, explanation of the Frank-Starling law and the role of stretch on
the cardiac contractile tissue has on the force of contraction. You should then explain
how this property allows for the matching of venous return and stroke volume. Some
important topics to consider as you answer this question are end-diastolic-volume (EDV),
end-systolic-volume (ESV), venous return, preload, afterload, and Starling curves.
2. Compare excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Hint: Compare questions need to include similarities and differences. One way to do this is to start with how the ECC is similar in the two types of muscles (the roles of calcium and ATP -> ADP+P for example). End the paragraph with a sentence stating in general how they differ. Then spend a paragraph on discussing the specifics of how skeletal muscle is different and paragraph outlining how the cardiac muscle is different. Some important topics to consider as you answer this question are action potential generation, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, actin, crossbridge formation, Calcium ATPase (CaATPase), Sodium-Calcium-Exchanger (NCX), t-tubules.
3. Compare the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
Hint: Compare questions need to include similarities and differences. What do all three muscle types have in common. How are skeletal and cardiac muscle similar but different from smooth muscle? How are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle similar but different from skeletal muscle? Some topics to consider include summation, gradation, speed of contraction, fatigue, sarcomeres.
4. Compare the action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle, autorhythmic cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Hint: Compare questions need to include similarities and differences. What do all of these types of action potentials have in common? How is an autorhythmic cardiac action potential different from skeletal and cardiac contractile action potentials? How do skeletal and cardiac contractile action potentials differ? Some important topics to consider as you answer this question are resting membrane potential, pacemaker potential, If channels, sodium voltage-gated channels, potassium voltage-gated channels, calcium voltage-gated channels, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, pacemaker.
5. Describe the conductions of electrical signals through the heart.
Hint: While you may learn this as a sequenced list, you must (as in you will lose points if you don’t) answer this question with a narrative of the structures involved in initiating and coordinating the contraction of the heart. You need to include the function of each structure. The topics you should consider as you answer this question include pacemaker cells, the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, internodal pathway, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, first degree block, second degree block, and third degree block.
6. Describe the parts of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and explain how these electrical events are related to the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.
Hint: The Wigger’s diagram is a good reference to use when preparing your answer to this question. The most straight-forward approach to answering this question is to start at the P-wave and go through to the T-wave. Make sure to clearly state what each wave, interval, and segment represent. Make sure to clearly state the general rule concerning the timing of electrical and mechanical events as well as illustrate with specific examples. Some specific topics to consider when answering this question include P wave, QRS complex, T wave, PR interval, R-R interval, PR segment, ST segment, conduction system of the heart, autorhythmic cardiac cells, contractile cardiac cells, depolarization, repolarization, atria, ventricles, atrioventricular node.
7. Explain the role of the autonomic divisions in control of heart rate.
8. Describe in detail how baroreceptor reflex demonstrates the core concept of homeostasis.
9. Explain how the Starling forces regulate bulk flow in the capillaries using the core concept of flow-down-gradients.
10. Explain the pressure changes which occur during the cardiac cycle and their relationship to the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels.
11. Explain the principles underlying the measurement of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer
12. Explain Poiseuille’s law.
13. Discuss the factors which determine cardiac output.
14. Discuss the factors which determine mean arterial pressure.
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