English 135 paper gender discrimination

MAKE SURE TO ADD ALL CITATIONS EVEN WITH THE GRAPH AND CHARTS.

THE PAPER WILL BE BASED OFF OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION.

THE UPLOADED FILES AND THIS IS TO HELP.

Preparing the Second Draft

This week, you will complete the second draft of your course project. The second draft adds the remaining sections of your paper according to the planning you did last week. By the end of the week, you should be getting close to meeting the scope and format guidelines for the completed project.

As a reminder, your final research project will consist of the following sections.

1. Introduction
1. Attention-getting hook
2. Topic, purpose, and thesis
3. Background
4. Relevance to reader

1. Body
   Logically presented, point-by-point argument with evidence
   (The number of sections may differ by paper, but you should plan to have at least two sections.)
1. Section 1 (2–5 paragraphs)
2. Section 2 (2–5 paragraphs)
3. Section 3 (2–5 paragraphs)
4. Section 4 (2–5 paragraphs)
5. Section 5 (2–5 paragraphs)

1. Conclusion

Last week, you completed the highlighted sections with your first draft. Use any feedback you received to improve these sections as you add to the new sections. Let’s look at how to develop each of these sections. The second draft, due this week, will complete the remaining sections of the body of the paper.

As you approach the organization of the remaining sections, consider what you need to achieve to prove the validity of your argument to your reader. Some available patterns for each section include the following. The type of support you can gather from your sources will also help you determine which approach you can most effectively present to your reader.

Try to apply one of these patterns based on the type of support that is available through the sources you’ve gathered. Each of the above sections would end with some sort of closing and transition into the next section. See Chapter 20 for more ideas about organizing sections. Also review sample essays to see these patterns in context.

Considering the Format and Layout

As you develop your Project, adding level headings can help reveal the organizational structure of the sections to help your reader navigate between sections. There are five level headings in APA; for this class, the first is sufficient: L1.

L1 headings are centered, bold, and have uppercase and lowercase letters. You may have seen the standard L1 headings in scholarly journal articles: Method, Results, and Discussion. As with an outline, headings are groups. L1 headings must be subdivided, so having one L1 heading isn’t appropriate.

This Is What an L1 Heading Looks Like

It is assumed that the Introduction is the first part of the paper, so it is not labeled as such. The Final Draft should have a clear organization of headings, with major sections as L1 headings. For more information, see this week’s readings and the Sample Paper in Chapter 28 (p. 543).

Images, graphs, and charts can add visual appeal to the presentation of research. 

Adding a visual isn’t as simple as finding a colorful picture or graphic and including it in your paper. Graphs and charts, or other visual images such as photographs, should never be used for their own sake, but rather should enhance the meaning through its connection to the document.

As you learned in the chapter reading for this week, some popular sources for photographs or images include Flickr.com, Photobucket.com, Google Images, and Zoomr.com. For historical images, consult the Library of Congress at http://www.loc.gov. Additionally, the database Image Quest, found in the DeVry  Library, has over 3 million images that are rights-cleared.

Follow the four steps below to decide whether to include a visual in your project.

• Step 1: Determine what you want the readers to visualize.
  The visual that you will add should not be gratuitous; it should not be included just for the sake of adding color or entertaining the reader. It should help the reader get a better idea of your proposal.

  According to APA 6th edition, a figure can be a graph, chart, map, drawing, or photograph; for this week, include one of the last three—map, drawing, or photograph. Images can be used persuasively to help to sell the idea to the reader. See Figure 17.7, which is a picture of the Tiktaalik in Chapter 17: Designing. The image helps the reader see an example of what is being discussed in the text.

  Likewise, you will determine what information is in need of a visual. In one of the sections you add this week, it may help to include an image.

• Step 2: Locate the appropriate image. Choose an image from one of the locations above or from another source. As noted in the textbook, Chapter 17, fair use of images means that you can use photographs and images for academic purposes. Keep in mind that if you are publishing this document, you must seek permission for its use from the person or entity that owns it. Select clear pictures, photographs, or drawings that help to explain an idea in your text. Stay away from cartoons unless it helps to prove an idea.
• Step 3: Provide a title, caption, and source information for the image. According to APA, writers must have a title above the figure, and a short caption and source information. This is shown in our textbook in Chapter 17: Designing, in Figure 17.7. The title should start with Figure 1: and then what is shown. Beneath the visual, put a one-sentence caption of what is shown, as well as the source. Include the title and year of the article. In References, add “Retrieved from” followed by the link.

• Step 4: Connect the image to an idea from your paragraph. Refer to the image as a figure, and connect it to an idea from the paragraph in which it appears. Put the image closest to where it is explained; do not put it at the end of the draft unless it’s appropriate. See the example below for the standardized tests image.

Image Description

As shown in Figure 1, NCLB was signed into law in 2002. The image above reflects the good intentions that this initiative engendered: The president and smiling members of Congress, including Edward M. Kennedy, a Democrat, and John Boehner, a Republican, along with children in front of the American flag. Despite their best intentions, these tests have not fulfilled the promise of raising the quality of education in our schools, and have instead left a trail of broken promises, high school dropouts, and no substantial returns on investment.

  Press the ESC key to close the image description and return to lecture.

Graphs or charts provide another means to display data and can be used persuasively to illustrate an aspect of your argument. 

Each element has a different effect on a reader. 

To create a graph or chart and insert it into your project, click on the Insert option from the toolbar, which in MS Word is immediately to the right of Home. You will then see an expanded section for Illustrations; choose Chart. You can use one of the templates, from Column at the top to Radar at the bottom. The example below was designed using the first option at top left, the Clustered Column. The accompanying MS Excel sheet was used to change the values.

Image Description

Figure 2: This chart shows the cost of the current testing system in billions of dollars in blue in Year 1 of the program, and then again in Years 5 and 10. The proposed testing system is shown in red in the same 3 years: Years 1, 5, and 10. The proposed system will save billions of dollars in the short term as well as in the long term.

  Press the ESC key to close the image description and return to lecture.

Be sure to label the chart or graph. Regardless of whether it’s a graph, chart, or something else, label it as a Figure. To do this, go to Insert, then Text Box, and then choose the Simple Text Box. The text box should be aligned left; type in Figure 2: and then the title. Be sure it’s in Times New Roman 12 font.

Underneath the chart or graph, put Figure 2 again, and a caption underneath the chart or graph indicating what is being shown. You can put this outside the lines of the box; you don’t have to make this another text box. Importantly, explain in the paragraph that appears below or above it with more information. The figure should not exist by itself for the reader to figure out. You must explain what is being shown in the figure. Analysis should exist in the paragraph. It may seem repetitive, but the reader needs this information to understand your proposal and why it will work.

After you’ve developed each section of your argument, you’re ready to plan the conclusion. 

The final section of the project is the conclusion.

An effective conclusion for a longer piece of writing is two to three paragraphs. Since you have already written clear and detailed ideas in earlier sections, there is no need to repeat what you’ve already said through copy and paste. Instead, the conclusion offers memorable ideas about your argument that will persuade your audience to see your argument as logical and reasonable.

You should include the required number of sources on your References page to fulfill the assignment requirements. You should resolve any remaining question you have about the format; be sure to carefully add in-text, parenthetical, and reference information for all sources you use to support your thesis.

APA in-text and reference citations are required for this assignment. See Chapter 28, pp. 532–542 for samples of APA style for in-text parenthetical references and the reference list. This week, you should be able to demonstrate proficiency with use of in-text citation by arranging citation components into correct APA format on your annotated bibliography.