- What are some of the unique advantages to using a case-crossover design in environmental epidemiology?
- Which study design is not feasible with rare exposures?
- What study design may be appropriate when it is not possible to estimate an effect on the individual level?
- Which of the following best defines external validity?
- Ensuring a valid study is most often determined at what stage?
- The design stage
- The analysis stage
- The interpretation stage
- The generalization stage
- Analytic statistics are used to assess the distribution of data.
- Which of the following best describes the null hypothesis?
- Which of the following best describes statistical inference?
- Reliability refers to the consistency of the result.
- Incidence is a better measure of disease risk than prevalence?
- Prevalence is influenced by which of the following?
- What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two dichotomous variables in a cohort study?
- Which of the following statistics indicates the percentage of the disease in the population that can be attributed to the exposure?
- Which of the following statistics reflects the excess risk of disease among the exposed group attributed to the exposure?
- What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two dichotomous variables in a case-control study?
- Which of the following influence the width of the confidence interval for a relative risk or odds ratio?
- Which type of regression model is most appropriate to use when the outcome variable is categorical?
- Automatically controls for confounding from time-related factors
- Yields incidence and prevalence data
- Effective at studying the effects of short-term exposures on the risk of acute events.
- Requires less time, money, and size
- Cross sectional
- Case control
- Cohort
- Two of the above
- Case series
- Cohort
- Ecologic
- Experimental
- That component of accuracy reflecting the level of systematic error in the study.
- The extent the results of a study are relevant to people who are not part of the study (representativeness).
- The extent the results of a study are not attributable to bias or confounding.
- Two of the above.
- True
- False
- A best guess formulated using a statistic
- What is currently believed, the status quo
- An informal basis for a statistical test of association.
- Drawing conclusions about the population based on a parameter
- The use of descriptive statistics to draw conclusions about associations
- The investigator decides between two hypotheses regarding a population, based on sampled data and probability to indicate the level of reliability in the conclusion.
- True
- False
- True
- False
- Incidence
- Mortality
- Cure
- Two of the above
- All of the above
- Relative risk
- Risk ratio
- Rate ratio
- All of the above
- Risk ratio
- Attributable risk
- Attributable risk percent
- Population attributable risk
- Population attributable risk percent
- Risk ratio
- Attributable risk
- Attributable risk percent
- Population attributable risk
- Population attributable risk percent
- Relative risk
- Risk ratio
- Rate ratio
- Odds ratio
- Level of significance
- P value
- Sample size
- Two of the above
- All of the above
- Linear regression
- Cox proportional hazards
- Poisson regression
- Logistic regression
33. Which of the following best defines causal inference?
- A conclusion about the presence of a disease and reasons for its existence.
- A conclusion about a population based on sampled data.
- A conclusion about relationships supported by probability.
- An indication of the level of reliability in the conclusion.
- True
- False
- Consistency
- Temporality
- Biological plausibility
- An experimental study design
- True
- False
- A review of a real health events grouped together in time and location
- A review of an unusual number of perceived health events grouped together in time and location
- A review of an unusual number, real or perceived, health events grouped together in time and location
- Confirm reported disease cases.
- Determine if there is a higher than expected level of the disease.
- Identify causal relationships.
- Two of the above are true.
- Three of the above are true.
- True
- False
- Point source
- Continuous source
- Propagated source
- Person, place, and time
- Ecologic, individual, and time
- Age, period, and cohort
- Age and time
- Age effects
- Cohort effects
- Period effects
- Two of the above
- All of the above
- Person
- Place
- Time
- Latency period
- True
- False
- True
- False
- Cohort
- Case-control
- Case-crossover
- Cross-sectional
- The definition of environmental epidemiology includes the study of all of the following except:
- Which of the following best defines the personal versus ambient environment?
- Exposure information from a diary is an example of an indirect measure of exposure.
- Accurate assessment of outcome assumes which of the following?
- Which of the following best defines risk management?
- What word best represents the following: Anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, or molecular substances that are associated with the presence and severity of specific disease states and are detectable and measurable by a variety of methods including physical examination, laboratory assays and medical imaging.
- Biomarkers are traditionally used to measure which of the following?
- What is useful to avoid recall bias?
- Which of the following best defines study design?
- What study design is best for answering questions about exposure-disease relationships when the latency period is long?
- Cross sectional
- Ecologic
- Case-control
- Cohort
- Experimental
- Which of the following best defines case-crossover?
- Which of the following is not an observational study?
- Experimental study
- Case-control study
- Cohort study
- Ecologic study
- What are some ways to improve the internal validity of a study?
- Confounding is a threat to which of the following?
- Analytic statistics are used to measure and test hypothesized associations.
- What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two continuous variables in a cross-sectional study?
- Relative risk
- Regression slop coefficient
- Correlation coefficient
- Two of the above
- Three of the above
- Which of the following statistics is used to indicate the percentage of disease cases attributed to their exposure?
- An important aim of environmental epidemiology is which of the following?
- What is the best study design for establishing a time sequence of events?
- It is not necessary to have a complete understanding of the causal factors and mechanisms to develop effective prevention and control measures.
- An advantage of maps is that they are not influenced by confounding factors that cluster spatially.
- Which of the following best defines age-adjusted rates?
- Which of the following study designs is best for establishing a cause-effect relationship?
- Case study
- Case-control study
- Ecologic
- Cohort
- Which of the following study designs is best when you want to study the relationship between a single exposure and several possible disease outcomes?
- Distribution
- Determinants
- Application to prevent and control disease
- Frequency and pattern
- All of the above are captured in the definition
- Routes of human exposure to contaminants through solid, liquid, and gaseous environments.
- The inner body is protected from outside contaminants by three barriers: the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the lungs.
- The avenue or mechanism by which it affects people.
- An environment where a person has control (e.g., diet) with the ambient environment where they have little or no control (e.g., pollution).
- True
- False
- A standard case definition
- Adequate reporting
- Both of the above
- Neither of the above
- A tool to integrate exposure and health effects in order to identify the potential health hazards in humans.
- An array of techniques to measure or estimate whether the exposure poses a threat to health or the ecosystem.
- Integration of recognized risk, risk assessment, development of strategies to manage risk, and mitigation of risk through managerial resources.
- Surveillance
- Monitoring
- Biomarker
- Determinant
- Absorption of an agent
- Bioaccumulation of metabolite within the body
- Hazard rate
- Two of the above are true
- All of the above are true
- Meta-analysis
- Diary records
- Disease registries
- A program that directs the researcher along the path of systematically collecting, analyzing, and interpreting results.
- An approach used in answering questions.
- An approach that may involve experimental assessment.
- An approach that involves collection and description of a public health problem.
- Presence of risk factor(s) for people with a condition is compared with that for people who do not.
- Exposure frequency during a window immediately prior to an outcome event is compared with exposure frequencies during a control time or times at an earlier period.
- People are followed over time to describe the incidence or the natural history of a condition. Assessment can also be made of risk factors for various conditions.
- Examine the relation between the intervention and outcome variables in a cohort of people followed over time.
- Matching
- Restriction
- Multiple regression
- Two of the above
- Three of the above
- Internal validity
- External validity
- True
- False
- Risk ratio
- Attributable risk
- Attributable risk percent
- Population attributable risk
- To identify environmentally caused public health problems.
- To identify reasons for public health problems.
- To develop effective prevention and control efforts.
- All of the above
- Case-control
- Cross-sectional
- Cohort
- Ecologic
- True
- False
- True
- False
- Weighted average of the age-specific rates.
- Proportional age averages of crude rates.
- Crude rates weighted by age and season.
- Age standardized populations.
- Case report
- Case series
- Case-control
- Cohort
71.An observational study may involve which of the following?
a. Case-control
b. Cohort
c. Cross-sectional
d. All of the above
72. What is the best study design to assess an accumulative dose?
73. Assessment of reported clusters should include all of the following except?
- Evaluation to determine whether an excess of the health problem has occurred
- Case evaluation to assure that a biological basis is present
- Evaluation of some or all of the suspected cases to describe the epidemiologic characteristics. These may be performed in order or concurrently.
- Identifying information on those supposedly affected
- All of the above
74. A time-series analysis may involve which of the following?
- Ecologic data
- Longitudinal data
- Both of the above
- Neither of the above
II. Calculation Questions (30 points) (use much space as needed)
- Indicate an appropriate type of epidemiological study design.
- Enter the data into a 2×2 table
- Calculate a risk of developing hepatitis A due to having eaten at restaurant X
- Interpret the data
- Enter the data into a 2×2 table
- Calculate a risk of developing Salmonella infection from eating tomatoes
- Interpret the data
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