Community College of Rhode Island Anatomy Questions

Definitions

• Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)
• Filtration
• Net filtration pressure
• Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
• Colloidal osmotic pressure
• Glomerular filtration rate
• Myogenic response to stretch
• Tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism
• Renal plasma clearance
• Micturition
• ECF
• IF
• ICF
• Alkalosis
• Acidosis.
• 1. Describe briefly Boyle’s law, gas diffusion law,
  Dalton’s law and explain how they apply to respiration in the human body.
• 2.
  In your own words:
  a.
  Explain what gas exchange is, how are gases
  exchanged, and the three factors that influence gas exchange in the lung
  (external respiration).
  b.
  Describe how red blood cells participate in the
  loading and unloading of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the respiratory membrane
  and in the tissues. Make sure to include the role of two important proteins:
  hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.
• 3. Explain the relation between P_CO2 and
  pH (include chemical equation). Why variations in P_CO2 have more
  impact on depth and rate of breathing than variation of P_O2?
• 4.
  Describe the filtration membrane. Explain the
  features that make filtration a passive process. What component of the blood
  end up in the filtrate? What pressures are promoting filtration? What happens
  to the net filtration pressure and the glomerular filtration rate of blood pressure
  in the afferent arteriole increases? How does that explain the relation between
  BP and total volume of blood described in chapter 19 (long term regulation of
  BP)
• 5.
  In your own words, explain how filtrate becomes
  urine. Mention the two steps of re-absorption and secretion, and the specificity
  in each part of the tubule (PCT, Nephron loop, DTC, collecting duct). Include
  where water, Na+ and K+ are secreted and reabsorbed, and what are the main
  controls for each.
• 6.
  Discuss the permeabilities of different sections
  of the nephron loop and how they participate in creating a countercurrent
  multiplier. How is the osmotic gradient created by this countercurrent used in
  the collecting duct to concentrate or dilute urine and to regulate the volume
  of urine?
• 7.
  How is Na+ level in body fluids regulated?
  Mention the Renin / Angiotensin / Aldosterone system (RAAS) and ANP. Emphasize
  the role of aldosterone in the regulation of Na+ content and link it to blood
  volume and blood pressure.
  8.
  List the different cells of the JGC, their
  location and their function.
• 9.
  Acidosis and alkalosis can result from the
  metabolism or respiration. For each type, explain what the compensatory
  mechanisms are.