I’m working on a anatomy writing question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
1. Using our core concept of flow-down gradients, explain the movement of glucose
in and out of the nephron.
2. Using our core concept of homeostasis, explain how the kidneys are involved in
controlling fluid osmolarity.
3. Compare the structure and functions of the major regions of the nephron.
4. Compare the structure and function of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
5. Discuss the effect of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone on blood pressure. (Be
thorough, specific, and accurate).
6. Explain how the vertical concentration gradient in the medulla and the
concentration of vasopressin influences the volume and osmolarity of urine
produced.
7. Compare the mechanism and effect of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE
inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers).
8. Explain the four stages of external respiration and identify the gradients (driving
force) and resistance of each stage.
9. Explain and give the formula for Boyle’s law and how changes in thoracic volume
is related to Boyle’s law.
10. Compare tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume,
residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, and
functional residual capacity. List the average values for each volume and
capacity.
11. Explain how local mechanisms allow for the matching of ventilation and
perfusion.
12. Explain how the oxygen dissociation curve is related to the properties and
function of hemoglobin.
13. Discuss how changes in temperature, PCO2, pH and 2,3 DPG concentration shift
the oxygen dissociation curve.
14. Explain how oxygen dissociation curve shifts affect oxygen loading in the lungs
and unloading at the tissues.
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