answer the questions below

They benefit corals mainly by transferring carbohydrates to their hosts, which is used for food

They benefit corals mainly by removing nitrogenous wastes

They benefit corals mainly by supplying oxygen in an oxygen-poor environment

They are never found outside of their coral hosts

They are found only in corals, and not in other types of organisms

Live only on the undersides of other corals

May maintain themselves by aggressive responses toward neighboring coral colonies

Are always outcompeted by branching corals

Tend to grow tall so as to shade out their neighbors

Are strongly correlated with bleaching

Are positively correlated with zooxanthellae concentration

Are strongly suppressed when sea water is unusually warm

Have been on the decline in recent decades

They have not invaded anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean because it is too cold for them

Their primary effect on native fishes is to outcompete them for space

If recruitment rates of native fishes are high, lionfish have no effect on their abundance

They have no predators in areas in which they have invaded

Are found only in the Pacific Ocean

Are relatively young geologically (usually only a few thousand years old)

Are reefs that lie alongside a shoreline with lagoon between the reef and the shoreline

Are formed by sinking of the earth’s crust

Competition on coral reefs can be intense, resulting in adaptations in species that reduce competitive exclusion

There are relatively few predatory interactions on coral reefs

Coral reefs have existed over long periods of geologic time

Coral reefs provide a complex substratum that creates refuge and niches for many species

On a deep part of the forereef

In the buttress zone

In the lower palmata zone

In the breaker zone, where waves are strong

High water temperatures, but not increased acidity, affected coral health

Higher acidity increased coral bleaching and reduced coral productivity and calcification, but the effects were stronger under high water temperatures

Higher acidity increased coral bleaching, but had negligible effects on productivity and calcification of corals

Increasing water temperature tended to counteract increasing acidity, so corals were healthiest under high water temperature and low pH

The presence of large predators in areas not subject to fishing lead to greater coral recruitment and fewer coral disease outbreaks

Pollution from human settlements is not a problem for coral reefs, because the strong tides and waves wash excess nutrients away from the shoreline

Where sharks and other large predators are not fished, they become so abundant that they reduce abundance and biodiversity of other species, resulting in degraded reefs

Lionfish invasions have reduced biodiversity and abundance of fishes on these islands