1- when I tried to execute Traceroute on linux machine to Xp machine the packets where not able to reach destination because Linux uses UDP for Traceroute and Xp uses ICMP due to which firewall must determine to allow UDP high ports or not.
2- Yes, machine is using NAT because IP address starting with 192.168 are not intended for internet access. Router or gateway which performs NAT maintains a MAC table to identify different computers connected to it so as to forward the packets arrived from internet.
3- IP address are used to access internet while Ethernet address are used to access local media or devices like Printers or scanners. As IP address are limited IANA cannot afford to issue a new IP address to each and every computer present and wants to access internet. Dividing Computers in to Ethernets and assigning IP address to the router through which they are going to access would solve this issue.
3- No, IP layer will make sure the fragments are in order but there is a good possibility that datagrams may arrive in out of order and it’s the responsibility of TCP to rectify them.
4- A duplicate packet may arrive at host in a situation where the recipient may fail to send ACK in a span of TTL due to which sender assumes that packet is undelivered and may send the packet again, in this way duplicate packet may arrive at host as TCP ensures delivery of packet.
Mittal founded Bharti in 1995 with $900 in start-up capital.2 Mittal was an entrepreneur who had created and successfully managed several businesses, including a bicycle components business, a portable generator import business, and a venture with Siemens to produce telephone equipment. His goal in creating Bharti Airtel Limited was to take advantage of the liberalization of the Indian
telecom market and to bid for a government license to operate the first private mobile telecom service in the Delhi area. Bharti won the government tender and immediately launched its service, known as “Airtel,” using the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications technology).
Bharti’s Telecommunications Network
· Mobile Services: Providing 64% of Bharti revenues, this unit was where Bharti had achieved
the most in terms of market dominance and customer service. In six out of 15 regions, Bharti
had over 40% market share.
· Long-Distance, Group Data, and Enterprise: Providing 30% of revenues, these services
allowed Bharti to leverage its recently completed high-speed fiber-optic network.
· Broadband and Telephone Services: Providing 16% of revenues, this unit provided wire-linebased
telephone services in six circles and broadband services in all major economic centers.
· Generally speaking, Bharti’s IT requirements fell into one of three categories:
1. The telecom network systems and software. These specifically related to the basic functioning
of the telecom connection and switching system.
2. Customer management information systems that allowed for the collection of data on
customer use, service quality, and network reliability, and programs that gave customers
access to value-added services such as ring tones or Java games.
3. Business-support software and hardware architectures, including internal programs such as
billing, security, user programs, Internet access, and human resources or financial databases
and systems.
· Bharti contracted with IBM, Sun Microsystems, HP, and Oracle for business-support software and hardware architectures and customer management systems.
· Related to both IT and network development requirements was the question of human resource scarcity. With constant growth in the market, Bharti was finding it more and more difficult to hire and retain the best and the brightest.
· In exchange for these services, Bharti agrees to pay IBM a share of its revenues. This agreement is to last for a period of five years, renewable for another five years, for a total of 10 years. The percentage of revenue shared will progressively decline as overall revenue increases.
· Bharti had also begun deploying EDGE, a 2.5G GSM-compatible technology that allowed it to upgrade its services to 3G performance levels. This was first done in Mumbai and would later be introduced elsewhere in the network.
· Meanwhile, the human resources department was wondering how they would manage the transfer of nearly 1,000 staff members. Some staff might not want to be transferred, or perhaps the vendors might not want to take them. One manager worried: “Bharti is a much smaller company, an Indian company.
NOTE I NEDD TO PARAPHRASE THIS BY 1 AM PLEASE
I WILL PAY 10 $
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